*Replication files for "Crowded Out" published in Representation

*use: NEScmbd82to04(9Feb2023).dta

**Table 1: Engagement with the election cycle
ologit Interest female Black Age educ41 pidstrng1 reside1 LogHSpnd LogSenSpnd LogS2Spnd LogGovSpnd PCamIntnsPos1 i.state i.year i.Concurrent

nbreg PolPart female Black Age educ41 pidstrng1 reside1 LogHSpnd LogSenSpnd LogS2Spnd LogGovSpnd PCamIntnsPos1 i.state i.year i.Concurrent

regress PolKnow female Black Age educ41 pidstrng1 reside1 LogHSpnd LogSenSpnd LogS2Spnd LogGovSpnd PCamIntnsPos1 i.state i.year i.Concurrent

**Table 2
***Evaluations of Office Candidates
*gen PresDCandFT = vcf0424
*gen PresRCandFT = vct0426
*gen SenDCandFT = vcf9056
*gen SenRCandFT = vcf9057
*recode SenDCandFT SenRCandFT (990/1000=.)

*recode PartyID (1/3=1) (4/7=0), gen(Democrat)
*recode PartyID (1/4=0) (5/7=1), gen(Republican)
*tab1 Democrat Republican

sum PresDCandFT PresRCandFT SenDCandFT SenRCandFT FTDHsCnd FTRHsCnd Democrat Republican 

regress PresDCandFT female Black Age educ41 Democrat pidstrng1 reside1 LogHSpnd LogSenSpnd LogS2Spnd LogGovSpnd PCamIntnsPos1 i.state i.year i.Concurrent

regress PresRCandFT female Black Age educ41 Republican pidstrng1 reside1 LogHSpnd LogSenSpnd LogS2Spnd LogGovSpnd PCamIntnsPos1 i.state i.year i.Concurrent

regress SenDCandFT female Black Age educ41 Democrat pidstrng1 reside1 LogHSpnd LogSenSpnd LogS2Spnd LogGovSpnd PCamIntnsPos1 i.state i.year i.Concurrent

regress SenRCandFT female Black Age educ41 Republican pidstrng1 reside1 LogHSpnd LogSenSpnd LogS2Spnd LogGovSpnd PCamIntnsPos1 i.state i.year i.Concurrent

regress FTDHsCnd female Black Age educ41 Democrat pidstrng1 reside1 LogHSpnd LogSenSpnd LogS2Spnd LogGovSpnd PCamIntnsPos1 i.state i.year i.Concurrent

regress FTRHsCnd female Black Age educ41 Republican pidstrng1 reside1 LogHSpnd LogSenSpnd LogS2Spnd LogGovSpnd PCamIntnsPos1 i.state i.year i.Concurrent


***Table 3: Knowledge of candidates
logit OneHCandFull female Black Age educ41 pidstrng1 reside1 Interest1 PolPart1 PolKnow Voted dayspast1 LogHSpndPos1 HSpndDiff HseInc  LogSenSpndPos1 LogS2SpndPos1 LogGovSpndPos1 PCamIntnsPos1 i.state i.year i.Concurrent
margins Concurrent, at(female=0 Black=0 HseInc=1 Voted=1)
marginsplot 

logit OneSCandFull female Black Age educ41 pidstrng1 reside1 Interest1 PolPart1 PolKnow Voted dayspast1 LogSenSpndPos1 SSpndDiff SenInc LogHSpndPos1 LogS2SpndPos1 LogGovSpndPos1 PCamIntnsPos1 i.state i.year i.Concurrent
margins Concurrent, at(female=0 Black=0 SenInc=1 Voted=1)
marginsplot 

***Appendix B and C
sum female Black Age educ41 pidstrng1 reside1 Interest1 PolPart1 PolKnow Voted dayspast1 LogHSpnd HSpndDiff HseInc LogSenSpnd SSpndDiff SenInc LogS2Spnd LogGovSpnd PCamIntnsPos1 Democrat Republican PresDCandFT PresRCandFT SenDCandFT SenRCandFT FTDHsCnd FTRHsCnd OneSCandFull OneHCandFull Concurrent 

*****Appendix D Robustness tests
**Creating stepwise models of fixed effects models

***Table 1. Overall engagement
**Interest No controls
ologit Interest  i.Concurrent

**Interest just fixed and ConElecs
ologit Interest i.state i.year i.Concurrent

**Interest adding campaign effects
ologit Interest LogHSpnd LogSenSpnd LogS2Spnd LogGovSpnd PCamIntnsPos1 i.state i.year i.Concurrent

**Interest adding indiv lvl factors
ologit Interest female Black Age educ41 pidstrng1 reside1 LogHSpnd LogSenSpnd LogS2Spnd LogGovSpnd PCamIntnsPos1 i.state i.year i.Concurrent



**PolPart, No controls
nbreg PolPart  i.Concurrent

**PolPart just fixed and ConElecs
nbreg PolPart  i.state i.year i.Concurrent

**PolPart adding campaign effects
nbreg PolPart LogHSpnd LogSenSpnd LogS2Spnd LogGovSpnd PCamIntnsPos1 i.state i.year i.Concurrent

**PolPart adding indiv lvl factors
nbreg PolPart female Black Age educ41 pidstrng1 reside1 LogHSpnd LogSenSpnd LogS2Spnd LogGovSpnd PCamIntnsPos1 i.state i.year i.Concurrent




**PolKnow, no controls
regress PolKnow i.Concurrent

**PolKnow just fixed and ConElecs
regress PolKnow i.state i.year i.Concurrent

**PolKnow adding campaign effects
regress PolKnow LogHSpnd LogSenSpnd LogS2Spnd LogGovSpnd PCamIntnsPos1 i.state i.year i.Concurrent

**PolKnow adding indiv lvl factors
regress PolKnow female Black Age educ41 pidstrng1 reside1 LogHSpnd LogSenSpnd LogS2Spnd LogGovSpnd PCamIntnsPos1 i.state i.year i.Concurrent



****Table 2. Evaluation of candidates
***Pres Cands

**Pres Dem, No Controls
regress PresDCandFT i.Concurrent

**Pres Dem, FE only
regress PresDCandFT i.state i.year i.Concurrent

**Pres Dem, adding campaign effects
regress PresDCandFT LogHSpnd LogSenSpnd LogS2Spnd LogGovSpnd PCamIntnsPos1 i.state i.year i.Concurrent

**Pres Dem, adding indiv level effects
regress PresDCandFT female Black Age educ41 Democrat pidstrng1 reside1 LogHSpnd LogSenSpnd LogS2Spnd LogGovSpnd PCamIntnsPos1 i.state i.year i.Concurrent




**Pres Rep, No controls
regress PresRCandFT i.Concurrent

**Pres Rep, FE only
regress PresRCandFT i.state i.year i.Concurrent

**Pres Rep, adding campaign effects
regress PresRCandFT LogHSpnd LogSenSpnd LogS2Spnd LogGovSpnd PCamIntnsPos1 i.state i.year i.Concurrent

**Pres Rep, adding indiv level effects
regress PresRCandFT female Black Age educ41 Republican pidstrng1 reside1 LogHSpnd LogSenSpnd LogS2Spnd LogGovSpnd PCamIntnsPos1 i.state i.year i.Concurrent




***Sen Cands
**Sen Dem, FE only
regress SenDCandFT i.Concurrent

**Sen Dem, FE only
regress SenDCandFT i.state i.year i.Concurrent

**Sen Dem, adding campaign effects
regress SenDCandFT LogHSpnd LogSenSpnd LogS2Spnd LogGovSpnd PCamIntnsPos1 i.state i.year i.Concurrent

**Sen Dem, adding indiv level effects
regress SenDCandFT female Black Age educ41 Democrat pidstrng1 reside1 LogHSpnd LogSenSpnd LogS2Spnd LogGovSpnd PCamIntnsPos1 i.state i.year i.Concurrent



**Sen Rep, No controls
regress SenRCandFT i.Concurrent

**Sen Rep, FE only
regress SenRCandFT i.state i.year i.Concurrent

**Sen Rep, adding campaign effects
regress SenRCandFT LogHSpnd LogSenSpnd LogS2Spnd LogGovSpnd PCamIntnsPos1 i.state i.year i.Concurrent

**Sen Rep, adding indiv level effects
regress SenRCandFT female Black Age educ41 Republican pidstrng1 reside1 LogHSpnd LogSenSpnd LogS2Spnd LogGovSpnd PCamIntnsPos1 i.state i.year i.Concurrent



***Hse Cands

**Hse Dem, No controls
regress FTDHsCnd i.Concurrent

**Hse Dem, FE only
regress FTDHsCnd i.state i.year i.Concurrent

**Hse Dem, adding campaign effects
regress FTDHsCnd LogHSpnd LogSenSpnd LogS2Spnd LogGovSpnd PCamIntnsPos1 i.state i.year i.Concurrent

**Hse Dem, adding indiv level effects
regress FTDHsCnd female Black Age educ41 Democrat pidstrng1 reside1 LogHSpnd LogSenSpnd LogS2Spnd LogGovSpnd PCamIntnsPos1 i.state i.year i.Concurrent



**Hse Rep, No controls
regress FTRHsCnd i.Concurrent

**Hse Rep, FE only
regress FTRHsCnd i.state i.year i.Concurrent

**Hse Rep, adding campaign effects
regress FTRHsCnd LogHSpnd LogSenSpnd LogS2Spnd LogGovSpnd PCamIntnsPos1 i.state i.year i.Concurrent

**Hse Rep, adding indiv level effects
regress FTRHsCnd female Black Age educ41 Republican pidstrng1 reside1 LogHSpnd LogSenSpnd LogS2Spnd LogGovSpnd PCamIntnsPos1 i.state i.year i.Concurrent




****Table 3. Candidate Recall
**Sen Recall, No controls
logit OneSCandFull i.Concurrent

**Sen Recall, FE only
logit OneSCandFull i.state i.year i.Concurrent

**Sen Recall, adding campaign effects
logit OneSCandFull LogSenSpndPos1 SSpndDiff SenInc LogHSpndPos1 LogS2SpndPos1 LogGovSpndPos1 PCamIntnsPos1 i.state i.year i.Concurrent

**Sen Recall, adding indiv level factors
logit OneSCandFull female Black Age educ41 pidstrng1 reside1 Interest1 PolPart1 PolKnow Voted dayspast1 LogSenSpndPos1 SSpndDiff SenInc LogHSpndPos1 LogS2SpndPos1 LogGovSpndPos1 PCamIntnsPos1 i.state i.year i.Concurrent


**Hse Recall, no controls
logit OneHCandFull i.Concurrent

**Hse Recall, FE only
logit OneHCandFull i.state i.year i.Concurrent

**Hse Recall, adding campaign effects
logit OneHCandFull LogHSpndPos1 HSpndDiff HseInc  LogSenSpndPos1 LogS2SpndPos1 LogGovSpndPos1 PCamIntnsPos1 i.state i.year i.Concurrent

**Hse Recall, adding indiv level factors
logit OneHCandFull female Black Age educ41 pidstrng1 reside1 Interest1 PolPart1 PolKnow Voted dayspast1 LogHSpndPos1 HSpndDiff HseInc  LogSenSpndPos1 LogS2SpndPos1 LogGovSpndPos1 PCamIntnsPos1 i.state i.year i.Concurrent



**Sen Recall, removing enogenous factors
logit OneSCandFull female Black Age educ41 pidstrng1 reside1 dayspast1 LogSenSpndPos1 SSpndDiff SenInc LogHSpndPos1 LogS2SpndPos1 LogGovSpndPos1 PCamIntnsPos1 i.state i.year i.Concurrent

**Hse Recall, removing enogenous factors
logit OneHCandFull female Black Age educ41 pidstrng1 reside1 dayspast1 LogHSpndPos1 HSpndDiff HseInc  LogSenSpndPos1 LogS2SpndPos1 LogGovSpndPos1 PCamIntnsPos1 i.state i.year i.Concurrent


*****Appendix E
****Replication using multilevel models

***Engagement replications 
meologit Interest female Black Age educ41 pidstrng1 reside1 LogHSpnd LogSenSpnd LogS2Spnd LogGovSpnd PCamIntnsPos1 PresRace i.Concurrent|| year: || state:  


menbreg PolPart female Black Age educ41 pidstrng1 reside1 LogHSpnd LogSenSpnd LogS2Spnd LogGovSpnd PCamIntnsPos1 PresRace i.Concurrent|| year: || state:   

xtmixed PolKnow female Black Age educ41 pidstrng1 reside1 LogHSpnd LogSenSpnd LogS2Spnd LogGovSpnd PCamIntnsPos1  i.Concurrent|| year:, covariance(unstructured) || state:  LogSenSpnd LogS2Spnd LogGovSpnd PCamIntnsPos1 

***Liking models
**Multilevel Dem Pres
xtmixed PresDCandFT female Black Age educ41 Democrat pidstrng1 reside1 LogHSpnd LogSenSpnd LogS2Spnd LogGovSpnd PCamIntnsPos1 i.Concurrent|| year:, covariance(unstructured) || state:  LogSenSpnd LogS2Spnd LogGovSpnd PCamIntnsPos1 

**Multilevel GOP Pres
xtmixed PresRCandFT female Black Age educ41 Republican pidstrng1 reside1 LogHSpnd LogSenSpnd LogS2Spnd LogGovSpnd PCamIntnsPos1 i.Concurrent|| year:, covariance(unstructured) || state:  LogSenSpnd LogS2Spnd LogGovSpnd PCamIntnsPos1 

**Multilevel Dem Sen
xtmixed SenDCandFT female Black Age educ41 Democrat pidstrng1 reside1 LogHSpnd LogSenSpnd LogS2Spnd LogGovSpnd PCamIntnsPos1 i.Concurrent|| year:, covariance(unstructured) || state:  LogSenSpnd LogS2Spnd LogGovSpnd PCamIntnsPos1 

**Multilevel GOP Sen
xtmixed SenRCandFT female Black Age educ41 Republican pidstrng1 reside1 LogHSpnd LogSenSpnd LogS2Spnd LogGovSpnd PCamIntnsPos1 i.Concurrent|| year:, covariance(unstructured) || state:  LogSenSpnd LogS2Spnd LogGovSpnd PCamIntnsPos1 

**Multilevel Dem House
xtmixed FTDHsCnd female Black Age educ41 Democrat pidstrng1 reside1 LogHSpnd LogSenSpnd LogS2Spnd LogGovSpnd PCamIntnsPos1 i.Concurrent|| year:, covariance(unstructured) || state:  LogSenSpnd LogS2Spnd LogGovSpnd PCamIntnsPos1 


**Multilevel GOP House
xtmixed FTRHsCnd female Black Age educ41 Republican pidstrng1 reside1 LogHSpnd LogSenSpnd LogS2Spnd LogGovSpnd PCamIntnsPos1 i.Concurrent|| year:, covariance(unstructured) || state:  LogSenSpnd LogS2Spnd LogGovSpnd PCamIntnsPos1 


***Recall models
**Multilevel House
xtmelogit OneHCandFull female Black Age educ41 pidstrng1 reside1 Interest1 PolPart1 PolKnow dayspast1 Voted LogHSpnd HSpndDiff HseInc LogSenSpnd LogS2Spnd LogGovSpnd PCamIntnsPos1 i.Concurrent, || year:, covariance(unstructured) || state: LogSenSpnd LogS2Spnd LogGovSpnd PCamIntnsPos1 , covariance(indep) laplace tolerance(1e-4) ltolerance(1e-5) nrtolerance(1e-5) retolerance(1e-5)

**Multilevel Senate 
xtmelogit OneSCandFull female Black Age educ41 pidstrng1 reside1  Interest1 PolPart1 PolKnow dayspast1 Voted LogSenSpndPos1 SSpndDiff SenInc LogHSpnd LogS2Spnd LogGovSpnd PCamIntnsPos1 i.Concurrent, || year:, covariance(unstructured) || state: LogSenSpnd LogS2Spnd LogGovSpnd PCamIntnsPos1 , covariance(indep) laplace tolerance(1e-4) ltolerance(1e-5) nrtolerance(1e-5) retolerance(1e-5)

